Monga "mtima" wa transformer, chitsulo chapakati chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusintha mphamvu zamagetsi. Sikuti chimangokhudza momwe ma transformer amagwirira ntchito moyenera, komanso chimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka, kulemera, ndi kudalirika kwa zida. Kusintha kwa zipangizo zapakati pa chitsulo, kuyambira chitsulo choyera cha mafakitale mpaka zitsulo zopanda mawonekedwe masiku ano, kwawona chitukuko chabwino cha ukadaulo wa transformer.
Ntchito yaikulu ndi zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa maziko achitsulo
Ntchito yaikulu ya transformer core ndikupereka maginito abwino, kulola mphamvu zamagetsi kuti zitumizidwe pakati pa maginito osiyanasiyana kudzera mu mfundo ya induction yamagetsi. Kugwira ntchito kwa chitsulo chachitsulo kumakhudza mwachindunji zizindikiro zaukadaulo ndi zachuma za transformer. Zofunikira zazikulu pa zipangizo zachitsulo chachitsulo ndi izi: kutayika kochepa kwa chitsulo chachitsulo pa ma frequency enaake ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito, ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito amagetsi pa mphamvu inayake ya maginito.
Kutayika kwa core kumaphatikizapo magawo awiri: kutayika kwa hysteresis ndi kutayika kwa eddy current. Kutayika kwa hysteresis kumakhudzana ndi kuvutika kwa maginito azinthu, pomwe kutayika kwa eddy current kumachitika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa magnetic flux mu chitsulo. Kuti achepetse kutayika kumeneku, zipangizo zabwino kwambiri zachitsulo ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri, komanso mphamvu zochepa.
Njira yosinthira zinthu zapakati pa chitsulo
Kupanga zinthu zoyambira za transformer kwadutsa ulendo wautali komanso wosangalatsa. Ma transformer cores oyambirira ankagwiritsa ntchito waya wamba wa chitsulo cha kaboni kapena chitsulo cha kaboni ngati zinthu zoyambira. Mu 1885, fakitale ya Gunz ku Hungary idapanga transformer yoyamba ya gawo limodzi yokhala ndi dera lotsekedwa la maginito, ndipo chitsulo chake chapakati chinapangidwa ndi mtundu uwu wa zinthu.
Mu 1900, RA Hadfield, Mngelezi, ndi ena adapeza kuti kuwonjezera silicon ku chitsulo chofatsa kungathandize kupirira, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa eddy current ndi hysteresis, ndikuchepetsa vuto la "kukalamba kwapakati". Mu 1903, United States ndi Germany zinayamba kupanga mapepala achitsulo a silicon otenthedwa, zomwe zinayambitsa nthawi ya mapepala achitsulo a silicon.
Mapepala achitsulo a silikoni otenthedwa ali ndi mavuto monga kusagwira ntchito bwino komanso kutayika kwakukulu. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, ukadaulo wa mapepala achitsulo a silikoni otenthedwa ndi ozizira unapangidwa. Mu 1933, Gauss adagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zozizira zozungulira ndi zonyowetsa kuti apange chitsulo cha 3% Si chokhala ndi mphamvu zamaginito zambiri motsatira njira yozungulira. Mu 1935, Armco Steel Company ya ku United States idagwirizana ndi Westinghouse Company kuti ayambe kupanga chitsulo cha silikoni chozizira chozungulira.
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1960, mayiko akuluakulu otukuka pang'onopang'ono anasiya kupanga mapepala achitsulo a silicon otenthedwa ndi kutentha ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala achitsulo a silicon otenthedwa ndi ozizira omwe amagwira ntchito bwino. Mu 1964, Nippon Steel Corporation ya ku Japan inapanga mapepala achitsulo a silicon otenthedwa ndi madzi ozizira (Hi-B steel), zomwe zinachepetsanso kutayika kwa ma transformer osanyamula katundu.
Mu zaka za m'ma 1970, zinthu zopangidwa ndi aloyi zopanda mawonekedwe zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteji yakale. Mu 1974, United Microelectronics Corporation idapanga ma aloyi opanda mawonekedwe okhala ndi chitsulo, ndipo mu 1978, United States idapanga ma transformer achitsulo opanda mawonekedwe a 10KVA. Mtundu watsopanowu wa zinthu uli ndi mawonekedwe a kutayika kochepa kwa chitsulo, ndi 1/3-1/5 yokha ya mapepala achitsulo achikhalidwe a silicon, zomwe zidatsegula nthawi yatsopano yosungira mphamvu kwa ma transformer.
Mitundu yayikulu ndi mawonekedwe a zipangizo zapakati pa chitsulo
pepala lachitsulo la silikoni
Chitsulo cha silicon ndi chopangidwa ndi maginito chofewa cha silicon chomwe chili ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi silicon ya 0.5-4.5%. Kuwonjezera silicon kungapangitse kuti chitsulo chisagwere bwino komanso kuti chisagwere bwino, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya maginito, kutayika kwapakati, komanso kukalamba kwa maginito. Mapepala a silicon akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: otenthedwa ndi ozizira, ndipo ozizira amagawidwa m'mitundu yolunjika ndi yosalunjika.
Chitsulo cha silicon chopindidwa chopanda mawonekedwe chozizira chimatanthauza alloy ya 0.5% ~ 4.0% (Si + Al), yomwe imapindidwa mozizira mpaka 0.65mm, 0.5mm, ndi 0.35mm kenako imakutidwa ndi kupaka utoto kuti ipange. Mtundu wake wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi wosiyana, ndipo uli ndi mphamvu zofanana zamaginito mbali zonse.
Chitsulo cha silicon choyendetsedwa ndi chitsulo chili ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo ya maginito komanso kutayika kochepa munjira yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito maginito, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za maginito za zida zamagetsi zokhazikika monga ma transformers. Avereji ya angle yopotoka kwa grain orientation ya chitsulo cha silicon choyendetsedwa ndi chitsulo (CGO) ndi pafupifupi 7 °, ndipo saturation magnetic susceptibility value B8 ndi yoposa 1.82 Tesla; Avereji ya angle yopotoka kwa grain orientation ya high magnetic orientation ya silicon steel (Hi-B) ndi pafupifupi 3 °, ndipo B8 ndi yoposa 1.90 Tesla.
aloyi wosasintha
Aloyi ya Amorphous ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito chachitsulo chomwe maatomu amagawidwa mwachisawawa mu matrix yazinthu, yokhala ndi kapangidwe ka "galasi". Aloyi wamba ya amorphous imakhala ndi 80% yachitsulo, ndipo zigawo zina zonse ndi boron ndi silicon. Chipangizochi chili ndi mawonekedwe a mphamvu yayikulu ya maginito yolowetsa (1.54T), mphamvu yayikulu ya maginito, mphamvu yochepa yotulutsa, komanso kutayika kwachitsulo kochepa kwambiri.
Kutayika kwa chitsulo kwa ma alloy a amorphous okhala ndi chitsulo ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mpaka limodzi mwa magawo asanu a mapepala achitsulo a silicon oriented, zomwe zimachepetsa kutayika kwa ma transformer a amorphous alloy osanyamula katundu ndi 70% mpaka 80% poyerekeza ndi ma transformer achikhalidwe a silicon steel. Kuchuluka kwa maginito ochulukirapo a ma alloy a amorphous ndi kochepa (pafupifupi 1.5T), kotero kuchuluka kwa maginito ochulukirachulukira nthawi zambiri kumasankhidwa ngati 1.3-1.4T.
Kukhuthala kwa mzere wa aloyi wosasinthika ndi woonda kwambiri, 0.03mm yokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiŵerengero cha lamination chikhale pafupifupi 80% yokha pa maziko achitsulo osasinthika. Ngakhale kuti aloyi osasinthika ali ndi mphamvu yochepa poyerekeza ndi mapepala achitsulo a silicon, kulemera kwa maziko achitsulo kumakhalabe kolemera.
Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka mkati
Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka core ya transformer kasintha kwambiri. Kuyambira core yachitsulo yoyambirira yokhala ndi laminated, mpaka core yachitsulo yooneka ngati C, kenako mpaka core yachitsulo yooneka ngati mphete (coiled iron core), kapangidwe kalikonse kali ndi makhalidwe ndi ubwino wake.
Chitsulo chozungulira cha chitsulo chimapangidwa ndi zingwe zachitsulo za silicon zozungulira, ngati kasupe wotchi yolimba. Mtundu uwu wa chitsulo chachitsulo uli ndi maginito opitilira popanda mipata ya mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maginito asamagwire bwino ntchito komanso azigwira bwino ntchito. Poyerekeza ndi ma transformer okhala ndi laminated omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana, ma transformer a toroidal ali ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kukula kochepa, kulemera kopepuka, komanso kutayikira kwa maginito kochepa.
Kwa ma transformer a alloy osasinthika, chifukwa cha kuvutika kudula zipangizo zawo, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati mapangidwe apakati achitsulo chozungulira. Kapangidwe kapakati ka transformer ya gawo limodzi ndi chimango, pomwe kapangidwe kapakati ka transformer ya magawo atatu kamapangidwa pophatikiza mafelemu anayi kukhala kapangidwe kofanana ndi kapangidwe ka magawo asanu a magawo atatu. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kuti gawo lililonse lizizungulira liyikidwe pamafelemu awiri odziyimira pawokha a dera la maginito, ndikuchotsa bwino mphamvu ya third harmonic magnetic flux.
Njira yopangira zinthu zachitsulo
Njira yopangira mapepala achitsulo a silicon ndi yovuta, makamaka mapepala achitsulo a silicon olunjika. Njira yopangira ndi yovuta, zenera la njira ndi lopapatiza, ndipo zovuta zopanga ndi zazikulu. Imadziwika kuti "ntchito yopangidwa ndi manja ya zinthu zachitsulo".
Njira yopangira mapepala achitsulo a silicon osazungulira ozizira nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo: ma billets achitsulo ozungulira otentha kapena ma billets oponyera mosalekeza mu ma coil okhala ndi makulidwe a pafupifupi 2.3mm, kutsatiridwa ndi kutsuka ndi asidi, kupukuta ndi ozizira, kuphimba ndi annealing, ndi njira zophikira filimu yoteteza. Pazinthu za silicon zambiri, ndikofunikira choyamba kuzisintha kukhala kutentha kwa 800-850 ℃ mutazipukuta ndi kutentha, kutsatiridwa ndi kutsuka ndi asidi, kupukuta ndi ozizira mpaka makulidwe enaake, kuphimba ndi annealing, kenako kupukuta ndi ozizira pamlingo wotsika, ndipo potsiriza kuphimba ndi annealing komaliza.
Njira yodziwika bwino yopangira zitsulo zopanda mawonekedwe ndi kupopera nthunzi yachitsulo chosungunuka pa chimango chozungulira chamkuwa chozungulira mwachangu, ndipo chitsulo chosungunukacho chimaziziritsidwa ndikulimba kukhala nthiti zoonda pa liwiro la 106 ℃/s. Kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamkati komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuzimitsa kuyenera kuchepetsedwa powonjezera kutentha pakati pa 200 ℃ ndi 280 ℃ kuti mupeze mphamvu zabwino zamaginito.
Ubwino wosunga mphamvu wa zipangizo zachitsulo
Ma transformer ndi ambiri ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri mu dongosolo lamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutayika kwakukulu. Akuti kutayika konse kwa ma transformer ku China kumakhudza pafupifupi 10% ya mphamvu zomwe dongosololi limapanga. Kuchepa kulikonse kwa 1% kwa kutayika kumatha kupulumutsa mabiliyoni ambiri a ma kilowatt maola amagetsi pachaka.
Ma transformer achitsulo a amorphous alloy ali ndi zotsatira zabwino zopulumutsa mphamvu. Kutayika kwa ma transformer a amorphous alloy core opanda katundu kwachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 75% poyerekeza ndi ma transformer achitsulo a silicon a S9 a series. Ngakhale ma transformer a amorphous alloy ndi okwera mtengo kuposa ma transformer achikhalidwe, ndalama zawo zogwirira ntchito ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yobwezera ndalama nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa zaka 2-5.
Madera otukuka pazachuma omwe akuimiridwa ndi madera a Shanghai, Jiangsu, ndi Zhejiang agwiritsa ntchito ma transformer a alloy osasinthika kwambiri. Kampani ya Jiangsu Electric Power ikukonzekeranso kukhazikitsa mizere yatsopano komanso yokonzedwanso mtsogolo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ma transformer a alloy osasinthika sikuyenera kuchepera 30%.
Kukula kwa zipangizo zachitsulo
Zipangizo zachitsulo zikukula kuti chitsulo chichepe komanso kuti maginito azigwira ntchito bwino. Pa mapepala achitsulo a silicon, kuphatikizapo chitsulo cha silicon chosagwira ntchito bwino chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito maginito ambiri, maginito ochepa, chitsulo cha silicon chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso chitsulo cha silicon chogwira ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zopulumutsa mphamvu zapakati komanso zama frequency ambiri.
Chitsulo cha silicon chochuluka (Si Fe alloy yokhala ndi 4.5% ~ 6.7% Si) chili ndi makhalidwe a kuchepa kwambiri kwa chitsulo pa ma frequency apamwamba, kutseguka kwakukulu kwa maginito, komanso kukakamizidwa kochepa. Koma kuchuluka kwa Si kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo pulasitiki yake ndi yotsika kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzunguliridwa ndi kupangika. Pakadali pano, zinthu zosayang'aniridwa za 6.5% Si Fe alloy zimakonzedwa makamaka kudzera mu njira yolowera ya silicon.
Zipangizo zosinthidwa ndi nano komanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi bio nazonso ndi njira imodzi yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko chamtsogolo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufunika koteteza chilengedwe, kupanga zinthu zopanda poizoni, zowola, kapena zobwezerezedwanso kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira.
Mapeto
Kusintha kwa zinthu zapakati pa transformer kwawonetsa kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa sayansi ya zinthu ndi uinjiniya wamagetsi. Kuyambira chitsulo cha kaboni wamba mpaka mapepala achitsulo a silicon, kenako mpaka ma alloys a amorphous, kupita patsogolo kulikonse kwa zinthu kwakweza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zama transformer.
M'dziko lamakono kumene kusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi kwakhala mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, kusankha zipangizo zogwirira ntchito bwino zachitsulo sikungokhudzana ndi phindu la zachuma, komanso udindo wokhudza chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, chifukwa cha kubuka kwa zipangizo zatsopano ndi njira zatsopano, ma transformer cores apitiliza kukula kuti achepetse kutayika komanso kugwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zikuthandizira kumanga njira yobiriwira komanso yotsika mtengo ya kaboni.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-29-2025
